Conditional access (abbreviated CA) or conditional access system (abbreviated CAS) is the protection of content by requiring certain criteria to be met before granting access to the content. The term is commonly used in relation to digital television systems and to software.

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In Software[edit]

Conditional Access is a function that lets you manage people’s access to the software in question, such as email, applications, documents and information. It is usually offered as SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) and deployed in organizations to keep company data safe. By setting conditions on the access to this data, the organization has more control over who accesses the data and where and in what way the information is accessed.

Possible conditions could be:

• Geographical location
• IP address and network
• Used device

When setting up Conditional Access, access can be limited to or prevented from the chosen conditions. This way it can be determined that, for example, access is only possible from certain networks or prevented from certain browsers.

Current providers of Conditional Access include:

• Microsoft (including Office 365)
• Azure Active Directory^[1]
• Workspace 365^[2]

Conditional Access can be offered with Microsoft Intune.^[3]

In Digital Video Broadcasting[edit]

Under the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standard, conditional access system (CAS) standards are defined in the specification documents for DVB-CA (conditional access), DVB-CSA (the common scrambling algorithm) and DVB-CI (the Common Interface). These standards define a method by which one can obfuscate a digital-television stream, with access provided only to those with valid decryption smart-cards. The DVB specifications for conditional access are available from the standards page on the DVB website.

This is achieved by a combination of scrambling and encryption. The data stream is scrambled with a 48-bit secret key, called the control word. Knowing the value of the control word at a given moment is of relatively little value, as under normal conditions, content providers will change the control word several times per minute. The control word is generated automatically in such a way that successive values are not usually predictable; the DVB specification recommends using a physical process for that.

In order for the receiver to unscramble the data stream, it must be permanently informed about the current value of the control word. In practice, it must be informed slightly in advance, so that no viewing interruption occurs. Encryption is used to protect the control word during transmission to the receiver: the control word is encrypted as an entitlement control message (ECM). The CA subsystem in the receiver will decrypt the control word only when authorised to do so; that authority is sent to the receiver in the form of an entitlement management message (EMM). The EMMs are specific to each subscriber, as identified by the smart card in his receiver, or to groups of subscribers, and are issued much less frequently than ECMs, usually at monthly intervals. This being apparently not sufficient to prevent unauthorized viewing, TPS has lowered this interval down to about 12 minutes. This can be different for every provider, BSkyB uses a term of 6 weeks. When Nagravision 2 was hacked, Digital+ started sending a new EMM every three days to make unauthorized viewing more cumbersome.

The contents of ECMs and EMMs are not standardized and as such they depend on the conditional access system being used.

The control word can be transmitted through different ECMs at once. This allows the use of several conditional access systems at the same time, a DVB feature called simulcrypt, which saves bandwidth and encourages multiplex operators to cooperate. DVB Simulcrypt is widespread in Europe; some channels, like the CNN International Europe from the Hot Bird satellites, can use 7 different CA systems in parallel.

The decryption cards are read, and sometimes updated with specific access rights, either through a conditional-access module (CAM), a PC card-format card reader meeting DVB-CI standards, or through a built-in ISO/IEC 7816 card reader, such as that in the Sky Digibox.

Several companies provide competing CA systems; ABV, VideoGuard, Irdeto, Nagravision, Conax, Viaccess, Synamedia, Mediaguard (a.k.a. SECA) are among the most commonly used CA systems.

Due to the common usage of CA in DVB systems, many tools to aid in or even directly circumvent encryption exist. CAM emulators and multiple-format CAMs exist which can either read several card formats or even directly decrypt a compromised encryption scheme. Most multiple format CAMs and all CAMs that directly decrypt a signal are based on reverse engineering of the CA systems. A large proportion of the systems currently in use for DVB encryption have been opened to full decryption at some point, including Nagravision, Conax, Viaccess, Mediaguard (v1) as well as the first version of VideoGuard.

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Conditional access in North America[edit]

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In Canadian and United States cable systems, the standard for conditional access is provided with CableCARDs whose specification was developed by the cable company consortium CableLabs.

Cable companies in the US are required by the Federal Communications Commission to support CableCARDs; standards now exist for two way communication (M-card) but satellite television has its own standards. Next generation approaches in the United States eschew such physical cards and employ schemes using downloadable software for conditional access such as DCAS.

The main appeal of such approaches is that the access control may be upgraded dynamically in response to security breaches without requiring expensive exchanges of physical conditional-access modules. Another appeal is that it may be inexpensively incorporated into non-traditional media display devices such as portable media players.

Conditional access systems[edit]

Conditional access systems include:

Analog systems[edit]

Digital systems[edit]

See also[edit]

• Access control, the same principle applied outside of television.

References[edit]

1. ^MicrosoftGuyJFlo. 'Wat is voorwaardelijke toegang in Azure Active Directory?'. docs.microsoft.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-09-23.
2. ^'Workspace management'. Workspace 365. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
3. ^Brenduns. 'Voorwaardelijke toegang met Microsoft Intune - Microsoft Intune'. docs.microsoft.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 2019-09-23.
4. ^'Skycrypt'. 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
5. ^'What means ThalesCrypt? - AfterDawn'. www.afterdawn.com.
6. ^'TPSCrypt'. 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-08-28.

External links[edit]

• CAS history in Spanish

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Over the last couple of days a small furore has erupted a News Corp subsidiary, has been hacking the pay-TV smartcards of News Corp’s competitors, and even News Corp’s own companies – allegations that NDS. I’m not going to speculate on the reasons why a supplier of – the technology that allows paid-TV providers to restrict access to their broadcasts – would want to undermine the security of their own product; but I am going to discuss how such systems work, and how secure they are. A Conditional Access Module (CAM) is a combination of encryption keys, smartcards and electronics and computer code inside a satellite or cable-TV receiver (or “decoder”). The pay-TV provider encrypts the digital signal sent to the subscriber with an encryption key. The subscriber plugs a smartcard into his/her decoder, which decrypts the signal so programs and films can be displayed on the screen.

Some decoders have the smartcard built-in already, so there is no external slot. The is a plastic card with a chip - much like a modern credit card.

You can see electrical contacts on the chip. When the card is inserted, the chip is plugged into the decoder, allowing the CAM to get the decryption key. Other information is also stored on the chip – subscriber ID, subscription details, billing details, censorship filters and so on. We don’t really know what’s there unless we hack into the chip, because it’s all kept secret. Each chip will have it’s own non-volatile memory (requires no battery), computer programs and a small (CPU).

The security of the system depends on a few things:. secrecy of the encryption algorithm. secrecy of the keys.

secrecy of the hardware. So let’s start with the.

An algorithm is a recipe for doing something – in this case, for scrambling and descrambling the digital signal. Some CAM providers write their own algorithm, and depend on it remaining a secret. That’s a bit like hiding your door key inside a brick or under a flower pot – once the secret (that the key is in the brick) is discovered, you have no security. Works this way. A much better approach is to keep the key with you (a secret key). Everybody knows how your door security works (you put the right key in the lock and turn), but that only works if you have the key. If your lock (algorithm) is faulty, you’ll find out quickly enough and replace the lock.

Of course, Pay-TV subscribers would have to remember the key, and have to enter it into their decoder - very inconvenient, but very safe. Foxtel uses CAMs. These use encryption - a reasonably complex encryption algorithm that’s difficult to crack without employing lots of supercomputers. 3DES is a known algorithm - it has been tested for years and, if implemented correctly, will be safe.

And the security of the decryption key? That’s stored on the chip in the smartcard. Just like hiding it inside a (very thin) brick. 3DES is a, which means you use the same key to encrypt and decrypt. If hackers can open up the card and get to the key, they can extract the key and use it to make cloned cards. This leads us to the secrecy of the hardware. Four years ago, Wired magazine posted a YouTube video (see below) showing Chris Tarnovsky demonstrating how to extract the chip from a smartcard, and access the electrical signals.

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Reprogramming the card to display its stored data (including the decryption key) is the next step. Modern cards are better, but the techniques for getting into them are also better. It’s not even necessary to open up the card. Many digital TV watchers use techniques such as card sharing or to spread the cost of a Pay-TV subscription among tens or hundreds of people. And you can buy blank smartcards online from places such as for a few cents each.

There are also dedicated forums online to help would-be criminals access satellite TV and Pay-TV without a subscription. Just Google terms such as, and (Modified Original Smart Card). So just as with (circumventing the built-in security mechanisms of the Xbox and Xbox 360 videogame consoles), (gaining “superuser” permissions to your Android device’s software) and iPhones (gaining root access to Apple’s operating system), pay-TV piracy/hacking is happening now. The information is out there and is easy to access. Of course, anyone attempting to use the information has to be technically capable and adventurous.

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Is it being done on an industrial scale? Perhaps in places such as China or South America. A lot of the hardware which enables or supports unlawful access to IT systems (e.g. – the illegal copying of information from the magnetic strip of a credit or ATM card) appears to be coming from those regions.

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The Chinese government is and the systems which support it. My opinion is that the skills required (to hack these smartcards) are beyond most wannabe pirates and hackers. Besides, it’s much easier just to install the peer-to-peer file-sharing protocol and download any program or film you want.